Evaluation of PCR-based quantification techniques to estimate the abundance of atrazine chlorohydrolase gene atzA in rhizosphere soils.
نویسندگان
چکیده
There are many challenges in the accurate quantification of bacterial genes, such as the atrazine-degrading enzyme antA from Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP, from soil samples. We compared four quantitative methods for enumeration of atrazine-degrading bacteria in rhizosphere environments and utilized the optimal probe-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method in an ongoing bioremediation experiment to monitor atzA copy number over time. We compared three quantitative PCR (qPCR) based methods--quantitative competitive PCR and two real-time qPCR methods--to traditional dilution-plate counting techniques. The optimal real-time qPCR assay was then used to monitor atzA copy number over time in the robust atrazine-degrading Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP-spiked rhizosphere environment. The use of sensitive and reliable probe-based real-time qPCRs for the enumeration of bacterial catabolic genes allows for their detection from soil samples and monitoring of potential degradative populations over time. The addition of arrazine-biodegrading bacteria into arrazine-contaminated sites to remove entrapped atrazine is a promising approach for mitigating atrazine pollution and its metabolites. The methodology contained herein will allow for optimal monitoring of atzA in rhizosphere soil with or without the addition of biodegradative Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP of bacteria.
منابع مشابه
Supplemental Information Evaluation of PCR-based Quantification Techniques to Estimate the Abundance of Atrazine Chlorohydrolase Gene atzA in Rhizosphere Soils
Primers were selected from Shapir et al. 2008 with the one base pair correction listed in the Material and Methods section. Primer specificity was tested by nucleotide BLAST search analysis (NCBI, http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) for possible binding partners in Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP chromosomal and plasmid DNA, as well as for binding sites on identified sequences obtained from exo...
متن کاملThe structure of the hexameric atrazine chlorohydrolase AtzA
Atrazine chlorohydrolase (AtzA) was discovered and purified in the early 1990s from soil that had been exposed to the widely used herbicide atrazine. It was subsequently found that this enzyme catalyzes the first and necessary step in the breakdown of atrazine by the soil organism Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP. Although it has taken 20 years, a crystal structure of the full hexameric form of AtzA ...
متن کاملEnzymatic degradation of chlorodiamino-s-triazine.
2-Chloro-4,6-diamino-s-triazine (CAAT) is a metabolite of atrazine biodegradation in soils. Atrazine chlorohydrolase (AtzA) catalyzes the dechlorination of atrazine but is unreactive with CAAT. In this study, melamine deaminase (TriA), which is 98% identical to AtzA, catalyzed deamination of CAAT to produce 2-chloro-4-amino-6-hydroxy-s-triazine (CAOT). CAOT underwent dechlorination via hydroxya...
متن کاملAtrazine chlorohydrolase from Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP: gene sequence, enzyme purification, and protein characterization.
Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP metabolizes atrazine to carbon dioxide and ammonia via the intermediate hydroxyatrazine. The genetic potential to produce hydroxyatrazine was previously attributed to a 1.9-kb AvaI DNA fragment from strain ADP (M. L. de Souza, L. P. Wackett, K. L. Boundy-Mills, R. T. Mandelbaum, and M. J. Sadowsky, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3373-3378, 1995). In this study, sequence...
متن کاملMelamine deaminase and atrazine chlorohydrolase: 98 percent identical but functionally different.
The gene encoding melamine deaminase (TriA) from Pseudomonas sp. strain NRRL B-12227 was identified, cloned into Escherichia coli, sequenced, and expressed for in vitro study of enzyme activity. Melamine deaminase displaced two of the three amino groups from melamine, producing ammeline and ammelide as sequential products. The first deamination reaction occurred more than 10 times faster than t...
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ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- Journal of environmental quality
دوره 39 6 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2010